Over the past 20 years a silent revolution in functional neurosurgery has been unfolding. This revolution, still in the making, is the development of cortical electrical neuromodulation. No book covering the field of therapeutic cortical stimulation exists and only scarce attention has been given to this new field of neuromodulation in all textbooks and related books. As a result, the majority of neurologists and neurosurgeons are unaware of this technology. The aim of this book is thus twofold: cross-fertilization among neurologists, other health professionals and functional neurosurgeons, and defining indications and limits of cortical stimulation, invasive and noninvasive. This textbook brings together leading authorities from all over the world and provides for the first time a complete account of the field. As a "teaching" tool, all, beginners and non, will find a conclusive word in a rapidly evolving field.

PREFACE BASIC ASPECTS: Chapter 1. Anatomical methods of cortical localization pp.3-16 (Michael C. Park, Marc A. Goldman, Gerhard M. Friehs and Sergio Canavero) Chapter 2. From localization to surgical implantation pp.17-32 (Youichi Saitoh, Koichi Hosomi) Chapter 3. Principles of surgical implantation and complication avoidance pp.33-44 (Benoit JM Pirotte, Philippe Voordecker, Marc Levivier, Danielle Baleriaux) Chapter 4. Transcranial Magnetic and Direct Current Stimulation: a primer pp.45-56 (Filippo Cogiamanian, Sara Marceglia, Lorenzo Rossi, Ernesto Della Torre and Alberto Priori) Chapter 5. Mechanisms of Action pp.57-68 (Vincenzo Di Lazzaro, Paolo Profice, Fabio Pilato, Michele Dileone, Federico Ranieri, Riccardo Di Iorio, Pietro A. Tonali) Chapter 6. Optimization of parameter selection and electrical targeting pp.69-90 (Amorn Wongsarnpigoon and Warren M. Grill) Chapter 7. A neuroengineering model of extradural cortical stimulation pp.91-112 (Ljubomir Manola and Jan Holsheimer) CLINICAL CONDITIONS: -Chronic Pain- Chapter 8. Noninvasive stimulation for chronic pain pp.117-138 (Sergio Canavero and GianLuca Zullino) Chapter 9. Extradural Cortical Stimulation for Central Pain pp.139-160 (Arle, JE, Shils JL, and S. Canavero) Chapter 10. Extradural cortical stimulation for peripheral (including trigeminal) neuropathic pain pp.161-168 (D. Rasche, V.M. Tronnier) Chapter 11. Neuroimaging and neurophysiological studies of ECS for chronic pain pp.169-180 S. Canavero, Arle, JE and Shils, JL) -Movement disorders- Chapter 12. Noninvasive stimulation for treatment of movement disorders pp.183-200 (Eman M. Khedr) Chapter 13. Invasive cortical stimulation for Parkinson?s disease and movement disorders pp.201-216 (B. Cioni, AR Bentivoglio, C. De Simone, A. Fasano, C. Piano, D. Policicchio, V. Perotti, M. Meglio) Chapter 13B. Invasive cortical stimulation for Parkinson?s disease: why, where and how pp.217-228 (Sergio Canavero) -Stroke Rehabilitation- Chapter 14. Noninvasive stimulation for stroke rehabilitation pp.231-248 (Paolo Profice, Michele Dileone, Fabio Pilato, Federico Ranieri, Fioravante Capone, Lucia Florio, Pietro A. Tonali, Vincenzo Di Lazzaro) Chapter 15: Extradural cortical stimulation for stroke recovery PART A: Review of clinical studies pp.249-256 Jeffrey A. Brown and Hyoung-Ihl Kim PART B: Surgical technique pp.257-272 Hyoung-Ihl Kim, Yong-Il Shin, Sung-Keun Moon -Coma Rehabilitation- Chapter 16. Extradural bifocal cortical stimulation for the post-traumatic permanent vegetative state pp.275-286 (Sergio Canavero, Barbara Massa-Micon and Franco Cauda) -Psychiatric disorders- Chapter 17. Invasive and non-invasive stimulation for psychiatric conditions pp.289-306 P. Eichhammer, B. Langguth, M. Landgrebe, G. Hajak and S. Canavero) -Epilepsy- Chapter 18. Cortical stimulation for medically refractory epilepsy pp.309-318 (David J Mogul, Ananda S. Fine and Sergio Canavero) Chapter 19. Closed loop stimulation for control of focal epilepsy pp.319-334 J. Smith , K. Fountas, M. Murro, Y. Park, P. Jenkins, M. Morrell, E. Esteller and S. Canavero) -Tinnitus- Chapter 20. TMS for refractory tinnitus pp.337-352 (B. Langguth, D. de Ridder, P. Eichhammer, G. Hajak) Chapter 21: Auditory cortex stimulation for intractable tinnitus pp.353-362 (Dirk De Ridder, Berthold Langguth, Mark Plazier, Elsa van der Loo, Tim Vancamp, Jan Ost, Olivier Meeus, Stefan Sunaert, Silvia Kovacs, Tomas Menovsky, Paul Van de Heyning) -Prosthetics- Chapter 22. Cortical Visual Neuroprosthesis pp.365-388 (E. Fernández, F. Pelayo, S. Romero, J.M. Ferrandez, C. Botella, J. Albisua and R. A. Normann) Chapter 23. Cortical stimulation versus deep brain stimulation in neurological and psychiatric disorders. Current state and future prospects pp.391-423 Damianos E. Sakas, Ioannis G. Panourias CONCLUSION Index Lead authors: Chapter 1: Michael C. Park, Providence, RI Chapter 2: Youichi Saitoh, Dept. of Neurosurgery and Center for Pain Management, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka Japan Chapter 3: Benoit Pirotte, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium Chapter 4 and 14: Vincenzo Di Lazzaro, Institute of Neurology, Catholic Univ.; Largo A. Gemelli 8, and Fondazione Don C. Gnocchi, Rome, Italy. Chapter 5: Ljubomir Manola, Boston Scientific International, Nanterre, France Chapter 6: Warren M. Grill, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering Duke Univ. Durham, NC USA Chapter 7: Alberto Priori, Clinical Center for Neuronanotechnology and Neurostimulation, Fondazione IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Mangiagalli e Regina Elena, Dipartimento di Scienze Neurologiche Università di Milano, Italy Chapter 8,11,13B,16: Sergio Canavero, (US FMGEMS), Turin Advanced Neuromodulation Group, Turin, Italy Chapter 9. JE Arle, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Lahey Clinic, Burlington Chapter 10. Dirk Rasche, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Univ. of Lübeck Ratzeburger Allee, Lübeck, Germany Chapter 12: Eman M. Khedr, Department of Neurology, Assiut Univ. Hospital, Assiut, EGYPT Chapter 13: Beatrice Cioni, Neurochirurgia Funzionale e Spinale Università Cattolica Lg A Gemelli, Roma, Italy Chapter 15A: Jeffrey A. Brown, Neurological Surgery, Great Neck, NY Chapter 15B: Hyoung-Ihl Kim, Department of Neurosurgery, Presbyterian Medical Center, Junghwasan-Dong, Jeonju, South Korea Chapter 17: Peter Eichhammer, Department of Psychiatry Univ. of Regensburg Universitaetsstraße Regensburg, Germany Chapter 18: David J. Mogul, Univ. of Illinois and Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, IL, USA Chapter 19: J. Smith, Dept. of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, Georgia, USA Chapter 20: Berthold Langguth, Dept. of Psychiatry, Univ. of Regensburg, Universitaetsstraße, Regensburg, Germany .de Chapter 21: Dirk De Ridder, BRAI²N, TRI Clinic & Dept. of Neurosurgery, Univ. Hospital Antwerp, Belgium Chapter 22: Eduardo Fernández, MD Universidad Miguel Hernández Instituto de Bioingeniería Fac. Medicina San Juan 03550 ALICANTE SPAIN Chapter 23: Damianos E. Sakas, Dept. of Neurosurgery Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece PREFACE