An essential handbook, Wet Urinalysis provides up-to-date information on dipstick testing, chemical and microscopic analysis, and urine sediment. More than 200 full-color ?

Preface vii Acknowledgments viii Chapter 1 Frontline Diagnostic Urinalysis 1 Types of Urinalyses 3 Changing Times for Urinalysis 3 Clinical Objectives of Urinalysis 4 Clinical Utility of Diagnostic Wet Urinalysis 5 Limitations of Diagnostic Wet Urinalysis 6 References 8 Chapter 2 Anatomy and Physiology of the Urinary System 9 Gross Anatomy and Histology of the Kidneys 9 Anatomy and Histology of the Urinary Bladder 12 Anatomy and Histology of the Urethra 12 Four Major Processes in Urine Formation 13 Pathway of Urine Formation 13 References 14 Chapter 3 Specimen Collection, Preservation and Transportation 15 Types of Transportation and Storage of Containers 15 Noninstrumented Collection Procedures 16 Instrumented Collection Procedures 17 Chemical and Cellular Degeneration 17 Techniques Used to Minimize Degeneration 17 References 19 Chapter 4 Dipstick Urinalysis and Additional or Confirmatory Urine Chemical Testing 21 Background 21 Clinical Utility 21 Manual Procedure for Dipstick Urinalysis 22 Principles, Specificity, and Sensitivity of Dipstick Urinalysis 22 Types of Specimens for Dipstick Urinalysis 29 Sensitivity and Specificity of Urinary Reagent Test Strips 29 Confirmatory Tests and Implications 29 Clinical Significance of Positive Reactions 30 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 30 Future Trends 31 References 32 Chapter 5 Wet Microscopic Urinalysis 33 Automated and Semi-Automated Systems 33 Clinical Utility of Wet Urinoscopy 35 Laboratory Procedure 37 Reporting 37 Limitations of Wet Urine Microscopy 38 Quality Control and Quality Assurance 38 Dipstick Correlation with Wet Urinoscopy 38 Techniques, Interpretations, and Other Considerations 38 References 39 Chapter 6 Common Urine Sediment Entities 41 Background Elements 41 Hematopoietic Cells 41 Urinary Epithelial Cells 42 Urinary Casts 43 Urinary Microorganisms 45 Parasites 45 Urinary Concretions 45 Urinary Crystals 45 Secretions 48 Chapter 7 Normal Wet Urinalysis Findings 49 Physical and Chemical Examination of Urine 49 Urine Sediment Examination 49 Hematopoietic Cells in "Normal" Urine 50 Epithelial Cells 50 Casts in "Normal" Urine 51 Microorganisms in "Normal" Urine 51 Crystals in "Normal" Urine 51 References 51 Chapter 8 Abnormal Wet Urinalysis Findings 53 Physical and Chemical Examination of Urine 53 Urine Sediment Examination 54 Hemapoietic Cells in "Abnormal" Urine 54 Epithelial Cells in "Abnormal" Urine 55 Microorganisms Found in "Abnormal" Urine 56 Crystals (Crystalluria) 57 Concretions and Secretions 58 Lipiduria 58 Implications of "Abnormal" Wet Urinalysis Findings 58 Chapter 9 Indeterminate Wet Urinalysis Findings 61 Approaches to "Indeterminate" Urine Sediment Entities 62 Conclusion 65 Chapter 10 Quality Control and Quality Assurance Guidelines for the Wet Urinalysis Laboratory 67 Quality Control and Assurance Guidelines 67 Conclusion 72 References 72 Glossary 73 Appendices 81 Appendix 1 Urinary System Disorders: Algorithms and Correlations 81 Appendix 2 Plates 101 Index 121